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Lethal levels of propofol found in Michael Jackson's body, affidavit says [Updated]

August 24, 2009 | 12:00 pm

L.A. County coroner's officials found lethal levels of the powerful anesthetic propofol after examining Michael Jackson's body, according to a search warrant affidavit unsealed today in Houston.

According to the search warrant, Jackson's doctor, Conrad Murray, told detectives with the Los Angeles Police Department that he had been treating Jackson for insomnia for about six weeks. He had been giving Jackson 50 milligrams of propofol every night using an intravenous line, according to the court records.

But Murray told detectives that he feared Jackson was forming an addiction and began trying to wean the pop star off the drugs. He lowered the dosage to 25 milligrams and mixed it with two other sedatives, lorazepam and midazolam. On June 23, two days before Jackson's death, he administered those two medications and withheld the propofol.

On the morning Jackson died, Murray tried to induce sleep without using propofol, according to the affidavit. He said he gave Jackson valium at 1:30 a.m. When that didn't work, he said, he injected lorazepam intravenously at 2 a.m. At 3 a.m., when Jackson was still awake, Murray administered midazolam.

Over the next few hours, Murray said he gave Jackson various drugs. Then at 10:40 a.m., Murray administered 25 milligrams of propofol after Jackson repeatedly demanded the drug, according to the court records.

[Updated at 12:45 p.m.: Although Murray acknowledged to police that he administered propofol, authorities said they could find no evidence that he had purchased, ordered or obtained the medication under his medical license or Drug Enforcement Administration tracking number. However, police detectives saw about eight bottles of propofol in the house along with other vials and pills that had been prescribed to Jackson by Dr. Murray, Dr. Arnold Klein and Dr. Allan Metzger.

Other drugs that were confiscated in the search included valium, tamsulosin, lorazepam, temazepam, clonazepam, trazodone and tizanidine. They also found propofol in Murray’s medical bag. Murray told detectives that he was not the first doctor to administer the powerful anesthetic to Jackson.

At least two unidentified doctors gave Jackson propofol in Germany. Between March and April 2009, Murray said he called Las Vegas doctor David Adams at Jackson’s request to arrange for Adams to administer propofol. Murray said he was present at a cosmetologist’s office, where Adams used propofol to sedate Jackson. Since he began treating Jackson, Murray said he repeatedly asked the pop star what other physicians were treating Jackson and what drugs they were prescribing. But Jackson declined to provide the information, Murray told authorities.

Murray said he noticed injection marks on Jackson’s hands and feet. When he asked Jackson about them, the pop star told him he had been given a “cocktail” to help him. In addition to Murray, authorities subpoenaed medical records from Dr. Arnold Klein, Dr. Allan Metzger and Dr. David Adams, the affidavit states. They also asked for medical records from Dr. David Slavitt, who conducted the independent medical examination of Jackson for Anschuntz Entertainment Group, Dr. Randy Rosen and nurse practitioner Cherilyn Lee. They also subpoenaed records from Dr. Mark Tadrissi, who stored medical records with Adams. ]

Murray has already acknowledged obtaining and administering propofol to Jackson the morning that the pop star died. In an interview with police, Murray told them that he had left Jackson alone under the influence of the medication to make telephone calls to his Houston office and family members.

When he returned, he discovered Jackson was not breathing. He performed CPR, and one of Jackson’s staff members called 911. The 50-year-old pop star was rushed to the UCLA Medical Center, where he was later declared dead. Much of the investigation has focused on propofol — a drug typically administered by anesthesiologists during surgery — and whether Murray’s decision to give it to Jackson as a sleep aid outside a hospital setting reaches a level of negligence required for an involuntary manslaughter charge.

-- Kimi Yoshino

Photo: Conrad Murray. Credit: AFP / Getty Images

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GOD ! 他，被一个医生害死了...一个这样的人，被一个这样的医生害死了...我不相信是误杀，绝对不！！

失望吗？绝望吗？这就是你所深爱着的世界。

开心吗？激动吗？这就是他们想要的结局。

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Updated ：2009年8月25日 - 据周一提交的法庭文件显示，洛杉矶验尸官办公室已经对“流行之王”迈克尔·杰克逊（Michael Jackson）死因做出了初步的结论：杰克逊死于强力麻醉剂丙泊酚使用过量。据验尸官拉克斯曼南·萨西亚瓦吉斯瓦兰（Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran）称，在评判了杰克逊血液中的毒物报告后，他们得出了这个结论。这个发现将可能导致针对其私人医生的刑事诉讼。

正是这个报告书，令洛杉矶警方下达了针对杰克逊私人医生康纳德·莫里（Dr. Conrad Murray）的数张搜查令。一位执法部门的官员表示，验尸官办公室认定杰克逊的死因为他杀，并正在积极展开调查。不过，“他杀”的含义只是指杰克逊死于他人之手，并不一定牵涉有犯罪行为，但定性为他杀，对检察官来说，是一个起点。

在32页的法庭文件中，莫里在当时告诉侦探说，他已经花了六周的时间来医治杰克逊的失眠症，每天晚上他都给杰克逊注射50毫克的丙泊酚，混同另外一种局部麻醉药利多卡因。

由于“担心杰克逊可能对该药物上瘾”，这名休斯顿医生说他曾设法想让杰克逊戒除丙泊酚，他把剂量减少到25毫克他，并混同多种其它药物——包括劳拉西泮和咪达唑仑——来帮助杰克逊睡眠，并在其死前的前两天取得了成效。

然而6月25日，其它药物已经不再起效。据一份宣誓的搜查令证词显示，莫里向警方供认了当天所发生的一切：

大约在凌晨1点30，莫里给了杰克逊10毫克的安定药；

凌晨2点，他给杰克逊注射了2毫克的抗焦虑药安定文；

清晨3点，他再度给杰克逊注射了2毫克的咪达唑仑；

清晨5点，他再度注射2毫克的安定文；

早上7点30，莫里继续给杰克逊注射了2毫克的咪达唑仑，并在一台仪器前监测其血液的含氧度；

上午10点40，在杰克逊的“反复要求和请求”下，他给杰克逊注射了25毫克的丙泊酚。这种被杰克逊戏称作“牛奶”的药物，因为其形态很像牛奶。

“杰克逊终于睡着了，”莫里在口供中说，接着，他继续监测了10分钟左右，然后便离开了杰克逊，到休息室放松自己。莫里声称当他最多两分钟后回去查看杰克逊时，这位歌手已停止了呼吸。

据莫里称，他之后对杰克逊进行的心脏复苏，无果而终。

“因为这样的药物混合导致的死亡，毫不令人惊讶，”北卡莱罗纳大学的麻醉学主席大卫·泽维拉（David Zvara）说。

“所有这些药都会互相发生反应，”泽维拉，补充说丙泊酚将最容易导致“失衡”。

另据法庭文件显示，根据该医生的电话记录，就在莫里说他发现杰克逊不再呼吸后，他不但不叫救护车，而是在11点18分开始，与三个不同的人分别通了电话，电话一直打了一个小时左右，直到12点05分。

“当莫里接受讯问时，他没有告诉任何人他给谁打了什么电话。”法庭文件称。

莫里的律师埃德·切尔诺夫（Ed Chernoff）否认了这个说法。

“搜查令里大部分事实是正确的，但是，大部分也是警方的理论。最过分的是，里面提到的时间点，都不是来自莫里医生的讯问，而是来自警方的推论，”他说，“莫里医生根本就没有告诉探员他在11点发现杰克逊没有呼吸，他也完全没有说过他在那里等了10多分钟后，就跑出去打了几个电话。事实上，莫里医生从来没有说过他离开迈克尔·杰克逊的房间去打过任何电话。”

此外，验尸官办公室还在杰克逊体内发现了其它药物，但他们不认为这些药导致了杰克逊的死亡。

莫里已经和警方有过交代，并在上周发布录影宣称自己“已经讲出了真相，我有信心真相会最终胜利。”莫里没有对药品做任何评论，他的律师也暂时拒绝回应。之前，他的律师表示，莫里从来没有给杰克逊注射任何可能导致杰克逊死亡的药物。

周一公布的文件还显示，根据加州大学洛杉矶分校医疗中心的职员称，莫里还“承认”给杰克逊注射了氟吗西尼来帮助中和安定文的药效。

文件还列出了另外五个医生和一名护士的名单，他们据信都治疗过杰克逊。

“探员们相信，正是多个医生开具的各色药物，可能导致了他的死亡，”文件说。

该文件还补充道，“现在还不能确定的是，死亡原因是由于一个医生在一个晚上的闪失所造成，还是由多个医生长期以来的医疗渎职所造成。 ”

丙泊酚一般只在有专业急救设施的医院里使用，对中枢神经有镇静作用。“它会影响你的大脑，让你整个大脑都睡过去。”加州大学麻醉系主任泽伍·凯恩博士（Dr. Zeev Kain）告诉说。但是一旦输液完成，病人会立刻苏醒。

“所以你必须有人在旁边给你输液，并不断监视你的状况。”

加州毒药控制系统圣地亚哥分部的主任李·坎特里尔（Lee Cantrell）认为，25毫克的丙泊酚并不算“大剂量”，但是和其它麻醉剂，尤其是苯二氮卓类药，一起使用的话，就可能“越界”。

坎特里尔认为更蹊跷的是，当医生发现苯二氮卓对病人根本无效后，居然还继续给病人注射各种苯二氮卓类药。

“这是很恐怖的用药，”他说，尤其是各种药物在一起综合反应，“没有人会这样医治失眠。”

搜查令证词声称莫里还告诉调查员说，他并没有订购或购买任何丙泊酚，并且他是在杰克逊家里发现了从其它疗程里留下的八瓶丙泊酚。但是调查人员在8月11日对一家拉斯维加斯的药房进行搜查时，发现了证据显示莫里曾在这里合法购买了给杰克逊在死亡那天使用的丙泊酚。

验尸官办公室还没有公开发布它的验尸报告，因为警方要求保密这些结果，直到调查结束。

（作者：Keen 来源：MJJCN.com/综合）

http://www.mjjcn.com/mjjcnforum/thread-76299-1-1.html

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